The world, Early Permian, 280 Ma, Global Paleogeographic Views of Earth History, NAU
The world, Late Permian, 260 Ma, Global Paleogeographic Views of Earth History, NAU
The world, Late Permian, 255 Ma, PALEOMAP Project
North America, Early Permian, 290 Ma, Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America, NAU
North America, Middle Permian, 275 Ma, Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America, NAU
North America, Late Permian, 260 Ma, Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America, NAU
North America in the Permian Period
North American Permian Rocks (light blue)
Permian, Palæos
Permian, Wikipedia
The Permian, Paleontology Portal
The Permian, University of California Museum of Paleontology
Geologic Time Table, Seafriends
See general sources above.
Early Permian, 280 Ma, PALEOMAP project
Middle and Late Permian, ~ 260 Ma, PALEOMAP project
Permian Life, Palæos
Permian Mass Extinction, University of California Museum of Paleontology
The Permian: The End of an Era, Fossil-Facts-and-Finds.com
Permian Fossils, Fossil Museum
Pangaea reaches its full assembly during the Permian.
Large scale mountain building (orogeny) continues as the large continents keep colliding. The Alleghenian orogeny (eastern North America), Ouachita orogeny (southern U.S.. The Uralian Ocean between Eurameria and Siberia rises and disappears as the continents collide and the Ural Mountains (of Russia) form in the Uralian orogeny.
The glaciers of the late Carboniferous and early Permian begin to recede as the earth becomes warmer in the middle of the Permian.
Land areas are vast and farther from oceans in the large supercontinent of Pangaea. Large deserts form as the supercontinent becomes warmer and dryer.
The first modern trees appear on land.
The Cimmerian terrane (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, Indochina and Malaya) rifts off northeastern Gondwana and heads north toward southeastern Laurasia. The Tethys Ocean south of Cimmeria is then created and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean begins shrinking.
The Hunter-Bowen orogeny begins due to accretion of terranes in what is today southeastern Australia.
The Antler Mountains formed in the Antler orogeny in northern Laurasia (western North America today) sink and erode. However, another series of volcanic island arc, generally called the Sonomia terrane, collide with Laurasia and the Sonoma orogeny begins, the first stage in the formation of the Rocky Mountains.
Mishina Gora crater impact event, Russia.
Decaturville crater impact event, Missouri, Early Permian or later.
Île Rouleau crater impact event, Canada, Early Permian or later.
Middlesboro crater impact event, Kentucky.
Serra da Cangalha impact event, Brazil. Permian or Triassic.
Dobele crater impact event, Latvia.
Clearwater Lakes impact events, Canada.
Ternovka crater impact event, Ukraine.
Des Plaines crater impact event, Illinois.
The Permian-Triassic extinction event, known as the Great Dying ended the Paleozoic Era. This is the largest known biological extinction event to occur in Earth's history. Not only did genera and species become extinct, but entire families and even orders of life disappeared. In the oceans, 53% of families, 84% of genera, and 96% of all species became extinct. On land, 70% of species died out.
© 2009, Mr. Varner.
